范文一
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
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附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.(wilss, 1982: 217)
‘噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录3- 范例(仅供参考)
wilss, wolfram. the science of translation – problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.
newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.
delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.
戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学一条龙体系，外语教学与研究，2001(5).
范文二
语境对翻译的作用
一、题目来源
其他，专题研究
二、研究目的和意义
随着我国的教育改革，素质教育始终是一个热门话题。《基础教育阶段新英语课程标准》明确指出，培养学生的自主学习能力是素质教育的一个重要方面。但是，在实际的中学英语教学中，大多数同学缺乏自主学习能力，没有有效的自主学习策略，本文通过对自主学习的研究，提出一些有效的英语自主学习的策略，使学生从被动的接受知识转为主动去学习知识，从而做到真正的会自主学习。
三、阅读的主要参考文献及资料名称
[1] Benson, P. and Voller, P.Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M].London: Longman.1997,
[2] Breen, M.P .and Mann, S. Shooting arrows at the sun: perspectives on pedagogy for autonomy. In P.Benson and P.Voller (Eds) Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M]. London: Longman. 1997.
[3] Boud, D. (ED.).Developing Students Autonomy in Learning [M]. London: Kogan.1988.
[4] Candy.Self-direction for Life-long Learning [M]. California: Jossey-Bass.1981.
[5] Dickinson, L. Self-instruction in Language Learning [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1987.
[6] Gardner and Miller. (Eds.).Tasks for Independent Language Learning [M].Alexandria. 1996.
[7] Holec, H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning [M], Oxford: Pergamon.1981.
[8] Jones.Strategic teaching and learning: cognitive instruction in the content areas [M]. Alexandria, VA: Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development.1987.