唐氏综合征产前筛查的进展(2)

时间:2020-11-05 08:29:57 论文范文 我要投稿

唐氏综合征产前筛查的进展


        2.2孕中期(15~22周)筛查方案
        2.2.1AFP +β-hCG + uE3即三联标记组合方案, 是最先被使用的中孕期筛查组合。1988年,Wald等[23]首先联合检测孕母血清三项指标进行筛查,假阳性率为5%,其检出率为67%。这种检测方法简便易行、费用低廉, 曾被认为是最有效的筛查措施。
        2.2.2 AFP +β-hCG 即二联标记组合方案 有学者运用二联方案对亚洲人群进行产前筛查DS, 假阳性率为5. 3%~ 8%时,检出率56. 5%~ 67%。研究报道, 在孕中期对孕妇行二联筛查, 假阳性率为5%时,检出率为63%[24]。
二联筛查与三联筛查相比,其检出率低且假阳性率高, 但由于其筛查的实验室费用相对较低, 且筛查指标少产生误差小,因而目前临床应用范围比较广。
        2.2.3 AFP +β-hCG + uE3+ Inhibin-A即四联标记组合方案。Malone 等[25] 研究发现, 对孕15~18 周的妊娠妇女行中孕期四联筛查,假阳性率为5%时, 检出率为81%。该筛查方案与二联和三联筛查相比, 提高了检出率,但是该方案筛查的指标多、增加了筛查成本且统计分析复杂,在我国基层地区很难大范围推广。
        2.3筛查方案的进一步发展:   近年来不少学者提出了早孕、中孕期联合筛查方案和序贯筛查方案,早孕、中孕期联合筛查即对孕妇分别进行早孕期筛查和中孕期四联筛查,综合早期和中期的结果,最后得出唐氏综合征的风险值。应用这种方案,其最高检出率可达85%。序贯筛查即对孕妇分别进行的早孕期筛查和中孕期筛查并得出两份结果,对早孕期阳性和中孕期阳性者都进一步诊断检查,这样检出率最高大98%。这两种方案虽然检出率提高,但是费用却大大增加。       总之,早孕期筛查方案可以尽早进行DS筛查和诊断。尤其再结合NT超声指标,使得早期筛查检出率有很大提高。但是早孕诊断需要绒毛取材进行染色体核型分析,技术复杂且手术风险高。中孕期采用的二联、三联、四联方案检出率较早孕期低,容易漏诊。最近提出的基于早孕期和中孕期的早孕、中孕期联合筛查和序贯筛查,临床应用比较少。我国目前应用比较多的还是孕中期二联或三联筛查方案。相信随着医疗技术水平的不断发展,将会找到更加敏感、方便、简单、更适合大范围进行的筛查方案,从而大大提高唐氏综合征的检出率,最大限度的减少和制止缺陷儿的出生。
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